The Constitution a Democratic Document - 954 Words

Upon the opening words of the Constitution, We the PeopleÂ…do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America, one must ask, who are these people? While the American Constitution provided its citizens with individual rights, many members were excluded. Elite framers manipulated the idea of a constitution in order to protect their economic interests and the interests of their fellow ‘white land and slave owning men by restricting the voices of women, slaves, indentured servants and others. Therefore, the Constitution cannot truly be considered a democratic document. However, because it is a live document, malleable and controllably changeable according to the interest of congress, it has enabled us to make†¦show more content†¦expanded, those who invaded the lands of the Native Americans, sought protection for themselves. However, the ownership of the land remained unclear creating quarrels amongst many. Jefferson created the Land Ordinance in 1785 to resolve these disputes. After dividing the land evenly, the government auctioned 640 acre section at no less than $1 per acre. However, because the government was surfeited in responsibilities including handling Native American affairs, they were unable to enforce protection against them. They needed something that would enforce public order. Article IV, section 4 of the Constitution states that, The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a Republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence. Considering the Constitution excludes the four groups which make-up a majority of America during the time; women, slaves, indentured servants, Native Americans and men who have no land, how can one regard the constitution as a democraticShow MoreRelatedThe Constitution As A Democratic Document1286 Words   |  6 PagesThe Constitution as a Democratic Document Since the ratification of the Constitution, more than 11,000 amendments have been proposed. The Constitution of the United States of America was Officially ratified in 1789. This makes the document over two-hundred years old. Since the time of its writing and eventual ratification, the document has been amended and interpreted in many ways. Whether it be prohibition to the abolition of slavery. The Constitution has been constantly updated over time. ItRead MoreEssay about The Constitution as A Democratic Document938 Words   |  4 PagesUpon the opening words of the Constitution, We the PeopleÂ…do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America, one must ask, who are these people? While the American Constitution provided its citizens with individual rights, many members were excluded. Elite framers manipulated the idea of a constitution in order to protect their economic interests and the interests of their fellow ‘white land and slave owning men by r estricting the voices of women, slaves, indentured servantsRead More1998 Dbq1014 Words   |  5 Pageshaving different perspectives on government and the Constitution. The Democratic Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, were always characterized by following the strict construction of the constitution. The Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, were characterized by following the broad construction of the constitution. 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He stresses that his main aim is not to propose that the Constitution must be amended, but to facilitate readers in changing how they think about the Constitution. In order to help people rethink the Constitution, Dahl (2001) explained the limitations of its Framers and the Constitution’s not widely known undemocraticRead MoreThe Nigerian Constitution in 1960 Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nigerian Constitution in 1960 There appears to be a consensus among the rulers of Nigeria that the countrys Constitution needs review. The review is, in fact, going on and there is not much I can do about that. However, if given the balance of power in the country, a review is the only constitutional development possible at this stage, I would then pay attention to the general character and form of the Constitution rather than its specific contents, which à ± with regards to the power and welfareRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1632 Words   |  7 Pages Emily Alexander Pima Community College March 9, 2015 The Constitution of the United States After gaining independence from Britain, America was faced with the challenge of creating a new government for the people of the American colonies. The Founding Fathers first created the Articles of Confederation but after much criticism the Founding Fathers met again and created the Constitution of the United States. The Founding Fathers wanted to form a government that was unlike theRead MoreEssay The Rise of Political Parties533 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties, which were led by Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, respectively. The rise of political parties was facilitated by general distrust amongst politicians. In document 1, Thomas Jefferson claims that Hamilton is in support of a monarchy. This statement reflects Jeffersons distrust for Hamilton, believing that he is trying to regress America back into a pre-revolution monarchy. Hamilton, on the other hand, states in document 2 that James MadisonRead MoreAnalysis Of The Constitution And The Constitution932 Words   |  4 PagesDahl and the Constitution James Madison and the rest of the Founders of the Constitution undeniably founded a government that has withstood the test of time. The question that Robert Dahl poses in How Democratic Is the American Constitution? is whether this form of government and specifically the Constitution is as democratic as it should be and focuses on the Constitution’s shortcomings. Dahl argues that the constitution is much less democratic than it ought to be. Madison, on the other hand, had

Addiction Is A Complex Disease - 3403 Words

Addiction is a complex disease that is influenced by several factors including: genetic, developmental, experiential and environmental factors (Goldstein Volkow, 2002). Alcohol dependence, otherwise referred to as alcoholism, is characterized by frequent use of alcohol resulting in intoxication, a preoccupation with alcohol, compulsion to seek and consume alcohol, the inability to limit alcohol intake and the emergence of negative emotional state when the drug is absent (Gilpin Koob, 2008; Ernst et al., 2012; Kunce, Newton, 1989; Crews, 2012). There is an estimated 85,000 deaths annually caused by unhealthy alcohol consumption. Medical issues such as liver disease, neurological problems and malignancies, in addition to behavioral and†¦show more content†¦Branching psychology and biology results in biopsychology, which analyzes how the brain and neurotransmitters influences our behaviors, thoughts and feelings. Our biology programs us to pursue pleasurable experiences, suc h as the euphoria felt when intoxicated. In biopsychology, addiction is viewed as a problem of brain functioning; we generally become addicted to the chemicals our brain releases, such as dopamine, not the substance itself. Through the use of self-help organizations, psychology and medication, the overall goal of abstinence can be accomplished. Bridging Biopsychology and Counseling This paper focuses on a specific course-related question: what are the antecedents of alcoholism, more specifically the antecedents of alcoholism in biopsychology and in counseling. These entities will be addressed separately and then combined for the most effective outcome in understanding and treating alcoholism. The biopsychology aspect will explore the question by explaining the effects of alcohol addiction, reward circuitries, reinforcement, withdrawal and relapse. The counseling portion will explore how various treatments involving psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy help clients cope with their addiction. Review of Biopsychology Literature Chronic, prolonged exposure to alcohol can result in serious detrimental outcomes for the client s health (Gilpin Koob,

The Ministry of Defense of Belarus and Russia Free Essays

string(43) " charge of the defense of a small country\." This paper is a comparative treatment of two ministries of defense of substantial strategic importance to the world, that of Russia and Belarus. Both countries have had strained relationships with the United States and the western world and have been actively pursuing activities with those countries hostile to western imperialism such as China and Venezuela. This paper will, first, summarize the basic structure and relations of the two ministries, and then compare and contrast them. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ministry of Defense of Belarus and Russia or any similar topic only for you Order Now A conclusion will attempt to bring these insights together. The Ministry of Defense of Belarus: Interestingly, the Defense Ministry of Belarus has its roots in the reaction to the Chernobyl disaster of 1986. This disaster is one of the main reasons the two republics it affected, Ukraine and Belarus (as the city is on their border) declared independence from the USSR several years later. In fact, the very first piece of legislation establishing this ministry (in 1992) was explicitly titled the â€Å"Reaction against the Affects of Chernobyl† and acted as a form of public mobilization against the tremendous health risks of the airborne radiation (â€Å"Legislative Basis,† 2009). But in the era of 1991-1992, historic in that it was the era of the fall of the USSR and the independence of the Warsaw Pact nations and the former Soviet Republics, saw the Belorussian state declare independence from the defunct USSR and develop its own institutions, chief among them was the ministry of defense. Several issues presented themselves: first, about half of the Belarusian republican army was of Russian descent, and second, that thousands of Belarusian troops were serving the former USSR in countries abroad. The newly formed independent Belarusian government then implemented programs that re-Belarussianized the armed forces and brought those expatriated soldiers home (Global Security, 2008). The structure of the Defense ministry is not civilian, and in fact, a major issue in Belarusian political culture is the means by which the purely military aspects of the Ministry and its civilian contacts could be regularized. But at the moment, the entire staff of the Ministry are uniformed officers. Currently, the Minister of Defense is Col. Gen. Leonid Maltsyev (appointed 2001), and he is supported by a general staff that includes the following offices: the chief of staff of the armed forces of the republic, the deputy minister, a ministry dedicated to armaments and acquisitions, then Logistics, army command and lastly, the air command and the air defense. As Belarus is landlocked, there is no naval force. The structure of the Ministry in terms of a chain of command is that the Defense Ministry is a part of the Council of Ministers, itself directly under the President of the Republic, currently the wildly popular Alexander Luksahenko. The General staff serves directly under the Defense Minister, and under him stand the land, air and support staffs in a position of equality. Finally, under the land forces stand logistics. Hence, the doctrine here is that Logistics and strategy stand under the land army, while the air corps follows orders. Hence, the equality between land and air forces is theoretical only. The tradition of the ministry is that land forces should predominate, and air forces act as an auxiliary to them. The mentality and culture of the Ministry follows a very specific doctrine. Its main points are the following: a) that the ministry is dedicated to a â€Å"balanced† cooperation among states. There is to be strict neutrality in terms of â€Å"power blocs,† and cooperation will not follow and specific â€Å"ideological† bent, but what serves the mission of the ministry in terms of the defense of the republic. b) that this ministry will never seek to acquire nuclear weapons. c) that it operates in accordance with a strict equity with other states (â€Å"Military Doctrine,† 2009). In addition, the â€Å"Military Doctrine† of the Republic is an important source for the basic functioning of the Ministry. The most interesting elements of this more or less bureaucratic document are the conditions that must prevail for the military services of the republic to respond if the republic is threatened. The document itself calls this the â€Å"political-military† situations that permit the usage of armed force in general, but are obviously applied to Belarus specifically. Hence it is a sort of a moral blueprint where force can be used, though it does not specify the amount of force in each case. These are: a) the lack of effective political mechanisms to solve political problems. b) economic imperialism , that is, the desire for advanced countries to use their economic and political clout to exploit smaller and weaker states; c) the domination of a few major powers over the resources of the globe d) the development of new technologies that threaten the typical military balance in the world e) the use of propaganda to overthrow states (in other words, the use of a controlled media to manipulate public opinion over and above normal democratic channels) f) the manipulation of ethnic groups in order to create a volatile situation (â€Å"Bases,† 2009). Needless to say, this official doctrine of the defense ministry makes perfect sense given the small size and vulnerability of the republic. Belarus is a part of the non-aligned movement, which brings the Ministry of Defense, Foreign Affairs and the Presidency into regular co-operation. Since Belarus has regular treaties with Venezuela, Russia, Vietnam and China, the policy here is to co-operate fully with the president and the foreign ministry in developing a â€Å"non-aligned† movement that seeks to alter the current â€Å"uni-polar† nature of global power. Hence, the Defense Ministry is following directives placed by the presidency and the Foreign Ministry in developing a place in the world for smaller, weaker powers who seek to create a power balance with the west rather than have the west dominate them. Hence, the Defense Ministry has adopted a defense policy that is completely in line with that of the presidency, the council of ministers, the foreign ministry and the nature of being in charge of the defense of a small country. You read "The Ministry of Defense of Belarus and Russia" in category "Papers" Lastly, since Belarus economically is one of the most dynamic countries in the world, the funding of the military forces has never been an issue (IMF, 2009). The fall of the USSR meant that many of the Russian forces in the Warsaw Pact countries were backed right into Belarus, leading to a situation where Belarus was one of the most militarized countries in the world. President Lukashenko sought to reduce the number of forces, end conscription, and hence, reduce the strain of the armed forces on the budget. Today, the armed forces are a fraction of what they cost in 1992, leading to a smooth relationship with the finance ministry and the presidency. Thus, in conclusion, the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Belarus is a model for the developing world. It seeks no political power, since it already is directly represented in the council of ministers and the ministry itself is run by uniformed officers appointed by the President. It cooperates fully with the foreign ministry in developing a military doctrine in line with the â€Å"non-aligned† movement. It seeks a balanced co-operation with the world and a reduction in the number of both nuclear and conventional weapons systems in world politics. It has been steadily reducing its cost to the ministry of finance, leading to–to say the least–a smooth working relationship. The Defense Ministry of Russia The structure of the Russian Ministry of Defense is largely civilian. The Minister himself is Anatoly Serdyuvkov, who, significantly, was a former tax official under Putin. However, immediately under him is a uniformed officer, Gen. Nikolai Makarov, who was the former commander of the Siberian military district. This is significant for one major reason, it is the post that places the Russian armed forces in direct connection and communication with the Asian powers, especially China. Under the Minister and General Makarov, there is a First Deputy Minister and a States Secretary for Defense. Under him is a woman, Lyubov Kudelina, who is in charge of the relationships between Finance and Defense. While the Minister himself is a former tax official, Mrs. Kudelina also worked at Finance and was deeply involved with tax collection. It would be noted that at the fall of the USSR between 1990 and 1993, tax collection almost completely bottomed out. The money and institutions for collection no longer functioned, and taxes were reduced to protection money from the local criminal gangs. Vladimir Putin, financed by oil money, reversed this trend. Hence, there should be no surprise that two major figures in the defense ministry have little military experience, but were both close to the financial and taxing apparatus (â€Å"Senior Officials,† 2009). Under the Defense Ministry’s Finance representative lies, not surprisingly, the chief of armaments, the chief of Logistics and another deputy minister. Since logistics and armaments procurement are costly productions, their subordination to the finance representative is no surprise. This structure seems eminently rational. It builds in inter-agency cooperation within the Defense Ministry itself especially within the all-important financial end. What is more important, however, is how the agency views itself, its mission and its role in the government. Like in the Belarussian case, the Russian Defense Ministry, in cooperation with the presidency and the ministry of finance, has developed a comprehensive understanding of itself in the world and in the Russian, and post-Soviet world. First and foremost, before any other consideration, the Ministry of Defense makes it clear that its number one priory in the defense of Russia is to maintain a high level of deterrence. It seeks to defend Russia by making any attack on it of painfully high cost. After this, combat readiness is the next priority, and within this priority is the concept of high mobility. Speed and the efficient use of resources is a major part of the Russian defense strategy. It is cheaper and more efficient to maintain small numbers of infantry, but backed by the highest in technology in terms of missile defense, the air corps and intelligence (â€Å"Development,† 2009). After this, three elements come into play: first, the nature of high-technology weapons, the war on terror and the protection of the environment. This latter even has its own office, under a General trained in economy, General Alevtin Yuruk in a rater unique arrangement where his office interfaces with the rest of the Russian government to loosen up funds and manpower to repair any environmental damage caused by the action of the armed forces, and most importantly, the safe keeping of the nuclear stockpile. After Chernobyl, the environment is more than just a saccharine slogan, it is a matter of life and death (â€Å"Environmental Protection,† 2009). But apart from the above strategic considerations, there is another, moral, sense of Russia’s defense ministry and its place in the world. The fall of the USSR made it clear that the Russian Federation was to recreate its mission, its identity and its interaction with the outside world. Hence, the ministry has, in communication with the past three presidents of the post USSR world, created a moral sense of itself, one based on the following ideas: a) the creation of a democratic international order where a few major powers do not control the world’s resources; b) force can be used only with the express permission of the UN c) forces worldwide should be decreased to a minimum and used solely for defense d) to create the infrastructure for Russia’s new mission as a major power e) international cooperation necessary for the war on terror, drugs and mafia activities f) co-operation, not confrontation wit the USA g) Asia is the future, and hence, building strong ties with China and Vietnam become of paramount importance (â€Å"Global Cooperation,† 2009). Several conclusions can be drawn from this. First, Russia clearly sees its defense role as a great power, not as a second tier force. Second, it seeks to create an international order based on equity, around the security council of the UN and its decisions where Russia has a veto. It sees China as central to its future security. And, lastly, it sees China, or more specifically the Russia-China Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) as a means of balancing its relations with the US, NATO and the EU. Hence, balance and cooperation over confrontation seems to be the theoretical grounding (â€Å"Global Cooperation† 2009). The mission of the Defense Department in Russia is mirrored by the two other agencies (other than finance, which are intertwined deliberately), the Presidency and the Foreign Ministry. In a speech dated January 18, 2009, Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov laid out the foreign policy goals of Russia, and these consist in the following ideas: a) the rebuilding of the financial system fo the globe on a more democratic basis. The Russian government has made clear that it is the â€Å"imbalance† of the system that caused the meltdown,. Too much mon3y in too few hands, both in terms of stats and individuals is the cause of the meltdown. The post-World War II system needs to be dismantled and rebuilt on an equitable basis. b) The unilateral recognition of the â€Å"independence† of Kosovo and the US/Israeli support of Georgian aggression against the Ossetians prove the need for a real democratic world order, not one controlled by the US and its few allies. Russian intervention to repel the Georgian invasion of Ossetia (who voted for independence and union with Russia) was meant to help create the infrastructure for a new international order, since Georgia would not have invaded had the US guaranteed diplomatic support. c) Lavrov states â€Å"the era of national egoism is over. † d) he seeks what he calls a â€Å"polycentric world order. † e) and, as seen above, cooperation with the EU is as important as cooperation with China. China is not mentioned in Lavrov’s speech, which is significant (Lavarov, 2008). On the other hand, the foreign policy concept of the Russian Presidency stresses China far more than the EU. Medvedev makes the claim that China is a major, if not the major, priority of Russian foreign policy. Polycentrism is again stressed, and again, that the imbalance of the world financial system–too much money in too few hands–is the cause of the recent meltdown. Lastly, the foreign policy ideas of the new president seek to establish strong environmental standards, energy security and a price structure that is fair and steady and that all economic growth be environmentally sustainable (Medvedev, 2008). Several things derive from this comparison: there may be a coalition of defense and Presidency against the foreign ministry over the issue of China. While it remains that President Medvedev and the Defense Ministry treat China as the number one priority (and several recent summits between Peking and Moscow over military matters reflects this), Lavarov seems to think that the EU should have this role. However, these agencies seem to have more in common than anything else, and these commonalities should be taken as basic ministerial policy: Russia as a great power, polycentricity, economic democracy and basic international equality. Conclusion: Comparison of Belarus and Russia in Defense Policy It does not take a genius to figure out that both Belarus and Russia are responding to American pressure and military adventurism. Both countries are threatened by American expansionism in both the economic and military spheres. Hence, their defense ministries reflect this. And of course, since Russia and Belarus are politically and ethnically connected, as well as vulnerable to American pressure, their defense policies will overlap in several areas. However, the size differences of Russia and Belarus will also be the cause of some differences in policy, especially since Belarus makes no claim to great power status, but in fact, would like to see the concept of â€Å"great powers† disappear. The main similarities of the two defense departments are their stress on international equity and polycentricity. The world order should reflect diversity in nations and interests, not the domination of the US and its allies in world politics and finance. Both ministries would like to see drastic reductions in the arms of the world, and arms to be used solely for defense, not for offense. Both ministries see a balanced foreign policy as central: that Asia should be used to balance Europe and Europe to balance the US. Both Belarus and Russian military brass are visiting China and Venezuela on a regular basis, and both countries have signed arms deals with Peking and Caracas. Needless to say, this is a means of balancing US hegemony and the US involvement in Iraq, Africa and the Balkans. It might be surmised that the Belarusian ministry is purely military because Belarus is small and very vulnerable. Hence, the military forces must have direct access to state power in order to act quickly. This was made especially important when threats of invasion came from the McCain presidential camp. The Russians, less vulnerable to assault and attack, can afford some space between civilian and military personnel, though the second in command of the ministry in Russia is the chief of staff. It is curious that the Minister of Defense for Russia has little military experience, but much financial experience. This suggests that the ministry really is designed to interface with the rest of the government to create an integral policy, while actual military decisions are in the hands of the second in command, General Makarov. This sort of interfacing is certainly a good beginning for further research in this field. References: This paper used mostly primary sources in its construction. The most important were: On Belarus: (www. mod. mil. by) Ministry of Defense. â€Å"Administrative Board. † Belarusian Defense Ministry Portal. 2009 Ministry of Defense. â€Å"Legislative Basis. † Belarusian Defense Ministry Portal. 2009 Ministry of Defense. â€Å"Military Doctrine of the Republic of Belarus. † Belarusian Defense Ministry Portal. 2009 Ministry of Defense. â€Å"The Bases of the Military Policy of the Republic of Belarus. † Belarusian Defense Ministry Portal. 2009 International Monetary Fund. â€Å"The Republic of Belarus and the IMF. † Executive Board Consultation, 2009 One Secondary Source: Global Security. â€Å"Ministry of Defense [of Belarus]. † In Defense Policy and Programs, 2008. (Globalsecurity. org) On Russia: Ministry of Defense. â€Å"Development. † In Military Insight. Published by the Russian Ministry of Defense, 2009 Ministry of Defense. â€Å"War on Terrorism. † In Military Insight. Published by the Russian Ministry of Defense, 2009 Ministry of Defense. â€Å"Global Cooperation† In Military Insight. Published by the Russian Ministry of Defense, 2009 Ministry of Defense. â€Å"Environmental Protection† In Military Insight. Published by the Russian Ministry of Defense, 2009 Medvedev, Dimitri. â€Å"Strengthening Dynamic Partnership with the Asia-Pacific Region. † In Articles of the President of Russia. (Kremlin. ru), 2008 Lavarov, Sergei. â€Å"Transcript of Remarks and Response to Questions by Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov at Press Conference on 2008 Foreign Policy Outcomes. † MFA, January 16, 2009 Ministry of Defense. â€Å"Deputy Minister of Defense for Financial and economic Issues† In Senior Officials. Published by the Russian Ministry of Defense, 2009 How to cite The Ministry of Defense of Belarus and Russia, Papers

Adam Smith Research Paper free essay sample

Thus, he is responsible for popularizing many of he ideas and analyzing them in his very popular writing An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations published in 1776. Adam Smith was born in the small town of Kirkland, from Edinburgh, Scotland. His father died six months before his birth and he was raised by his mother Margaret alone. Smith graduated from Glasgow University with an MA. In 1 763, during a three year tour of Europe as a traveling tutor he worked on what was to become his massively influential masterpiece An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.In 1 776, he published this book ND it became quickly widely known in Europe, France, Germany, etc. (Adam Smith Life Who Is Adam Smith and Adam Smith 1723-1790 An Outline Biography). His views and theories in this work were the diametrical opposite of the ongoing theories and practices of mercantilism. We will write a custom essay sample on Adam Smith Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Adam Smith The Wealth Of Nations Summary). Before we go deep into the theories of this book, lets first discuss what mercantilism is and how the economy of Britain was like before Adam Smith.Mercantilism was a belief and practice in the 15th, 16th and 17th century that the wealth of a country depended upon the accumulation of gold and hat accumulation came from the exporting of goods/products. Opposed to free markets, there was also a rule of tradition and command on which the society worked. Tradition was the passage of unchangeable tasks from generation to generation. Command was dictatorship or tyranny of one ruler; in other words no democracy (Hellbender). Adam Smith came with a vengeance toward mercantilism and opened the societys eyes toward a much broader and liberal view of economics.Adam Smith believed the wealth of a nation depended on the income and savings of people and not on the accumulation of gold. He believed in Says law I. . The more people save, the more they can invest. In other words, savings are directly proportional to investment. He said in the Wealth of Nations that Wealth does not consist in money, or in gold and silver, but in what money purchases, and is valuable only for purchasing (Hellbender). This is true till today because today the wealth of nations is measured per capita income.Smith had said in the Wealth of Nations that consumption is the sole end and purpose Of all production, while mercantilism on the other hand emphasize only on production and not consumption for the prosperity of the economy (Adam Smith The Wealth Of Nations Summary). Adam Smith said that society thrives on the law of accumulation and the law of population and these two laws are interdependent on each other. By the law of accumulation, he meant accumulation of profits. He did not only emphasize that the regular consumer should save for the cause of the wealth of nations but he also emphasized that capitalists should accumulate profits too.He said that by accumulating profits, capitalists can buy machinery and assimilate technology to increase production. But he pointed out that there is complication too in buying machinery. More machinery would mean more workers to operate those machines. More workers would mean higher and higher wages until the profits would become nil. To counter balance this complication, Smith said the law of population would work. Just as when supply exceeds demand for any product, its price goes down, labor is subject to the law of supply and demand too.Smith said that eventually the supply of workers would exceed their demand and wages would go down inevitably. Thus the profits will start rising again for the capitalist and the accumulation old continue. Smith said that this invisible balancing force that drives up profits is known as the invisible hand (Hellbender). In The Worldly Philosophers, Hellbender explains the two main components of the Invisible Hand that Adam Smith invented and wrote in The Wealth of Nations. The first component he says is self-interest or the profit motive. Self- interest motivates people to perform society necessary tasks for which society is willing to pay. And in this matter the society benefits as a whole. In other words, the free market guides its participants to pursue the good of he consumers by following their own self-interest (Adam Smith Laissez Fairer Invisible Hand). Cleverly, Smith puts forward a question which must have been bubbled up in the readers mind that how can greed and selfishness not come in the way of the invisible hand? What Stops greed from overpowering the society? And Smith answers his own question competition.Competition is the second component of the invisible hand that does not let businesses get out of moral lines in terms of prices and wages both. For example, if a business overcharges for a product, competitors immediately offer more reasonable rises resulting in the downfall of the business that overcharged. Similarly, if an organization pays small wages to workers, there will always be other organi zations waiting to pay more to those workers for their services. Thus the Invisible hand is essentially a natural phenomenon that guides free markets and capitalism through competition.Smith said that a free market not only determines price, but also the quantity of goods produced. (Hellbender). However, Smith also said that in order for the free market to work, the concept Of laissez fairer should be adopted by the market and the overspent. By laissez fairer he meant no or limited government intervention in the affairs of the market. Smith said that the market is its own guardian and therefore it can self-regulate itself without the intervention of government, unnecessary regulations and also without the advent of monopolies.He believed that the role of the government should only be restricted in matters of national defense and security, administering justice and providing some amount of infrastructure. (Adam Smith Contributions to Economics). To understand an overall concept of how Adam Smith brought revolution in he economic world, lees discuss the three stages of capitalism. The earliest capitalism before Adam Smiths writing of The Wealth of Nations was known as mercantilism and later it was given the title Commercial Capitalism. It lasted one hundred and fifty years from 1613 1767.The main motive of this kind of capitalism was trade and government regulation of prices and interest rates. The source of profit and wealth was in the buying and selling of products and in the accumulation of gold; not in production (Rise of Mercantilism Commercial Capitalism). The second stage of capitalism was the Industrial Capitalism which began developing during the time of Adam Smith. Adam Smith made people realize that the value of a commodity is in the means of production and manufacture and not in the accumulation of gold. It lasted for the first three quarters of the nineteenth century.The last and the final and current stage of capitalism is F-uncial Capitalism. It began from the last quarter of the nineteenth century and is still ongoing until today. Financial capitalism emerged as a result of high requirement of corporate finance needed to power the expansion of businesses that had developed urine the industrial revolution. In order to cover the cost and funding of creating huge corporate financing operations for building factories, importing of new technology and the merging of industries, the development of stock markets, banks and other financial institutions came into place and is still flourishing today.