Fi 360 free essay sample

The Effects of Class Size on Academic Achievement Essay

The Effects of Class Size on Academic Achievement - Essay Example As per the investigation the quantity of instructors utilized would likewise increment requiring more salary, thus diminishing educator to-understudy proportion. Dynarsky, Hyman, and Schanzenbach, states that decrease in the class size expands the pace of class participation by the understudies. The higher the quantity of understudies that go to classes, the higher the scholastic accomplishment since numerous understudies would inevitably graduate and move to the following level. This addition in scholarly accomplishment was increasingly huge in certain courses that experience high dropouts, for example, building, arithmetic, innovation, financial matters, and business examines. From this examination plainly littler class size guarantees better and closer connection between the understudies and the educators. This cozy relationship guarantees legitimate comprehension of the prospectus for the understudies, thus better scholastic accomplishment, and it additionally increments students’ understanding in the investigations. Little class size has more impact on the scholastic accomplishment of small kids who will most likely be unable to learn all alone and continually require teachers’ direction. Instructors additionally thinks that its a lot more clear better and to perceive their students’ quality and shortcoming and work towards improving their scholastic accomplishment. In addition, huge class size, particularly in secondary school has a preferred position in being exuberant attributable to there being differing characters brimming with fun, high vitality, and continually energizing. The class is rarely exhausting and is by all accounts an inspiration with numerous understudies ready to take an interest. It in the end supports the two educators and understudies consistently to go to classes and thus lessening non-appearance

Management theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The executives hypothesis - Essay Example The examination paper is intended to contemplate the goals of quick changing points of view in administrative initiative inside an association and to consider its effect on the exhibition result of the workers and association, in general. A medium size organization ABC Corporation was taken up which is a pioneer in remote broadband advances and related items and administrations that have immense degree in the developing business sector whenever tapped opportune. In the present vicious serious business condition, Acme direly needs to augment its market through key business organizations with worldwide business substances and financial speculators that can encourage showcase its items and administrations. The association presently utilizes around fifty workers at different degrees of managerial and non regulatory posts. The representatives originate from various race, culture and shading yet are seen to work agreeably. The organization has a better than average development chart however needs to extend its regions of activity to keep up a serious edge over its adversaries. The examination was centered around the administrative initiative of the association and the hierarchical atmosphere. The workforce alongside their pioneers are significant piece of the association who cooperate to accomplish their organizations’ objectives and targets. The exploration has put forth purposeful attempts to examine the hierarchical conduct and correspondence inside the organization and has concentrated top to bottom the effect of usage of the board hypotheses, particularly, McGregor’s hypothesis of the executives. The changing occasions have made the organizations progressively serious, along these lines making it required for them, just as for the working power to turn out to be increasingly adaptable and quickly adjust to the changing advancements and workplaces. The evolving financial condition caused it basic that more thought to be paid to socio-social

Molar Mass of a Volatile Gas Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Molar Mass of a Volatile Gas - Lab Report Example The barometrical weight, which was thought to be equivalent to the weight of the unpredictable gas, was additionally estimated and recorded. At the point when all the fluid had vanished, cold water was run over the flagon to encourage the cooling of the fume. The mass of the flagon, aluminum foil just as the dense fume was then decided. It was expected that the mass of the dense liquid was proportionate to the fume that filled the carafe. The molar mass of the gas was then registered utilizing the perfect gas law. The quantity of moles in the obscure example was determined from the recipe n=PV/RT where n was the quantity of moles, P was the weight of the gas, V was the volume of the gas, R was the gas consistent (8.21x10-2 L atm mol-1 K-1), and T was the temperature in Kelvin (Slowinski, Wosley and Rossi 55). The trial molar mass was lower than 32, which was the real molar mass of the obscure gas. The low exploratory worth could be because of test blunders. For instance, it was conceivable that there was consolidated fume in the foil spread, which meddled with the precision of the estimations. One other chance that prompted the variations in the test molar mass of the obscure gas and the genuine worth was deviations from the perfect gas law. It was conceivable that the gas didn't carry on as depicted by the perfect gas law thus prompting the incongruities in the two qualities. It was likewise conceivable that overabundance fume got away from the carafe prompting an underestimation of the mass of the dense fluid and the resulting molar mass. By and large, the examination gave an estimation of the molar mass of the obscure gas utilizing the perfect gas law. In this manner, it was inferred that the perfect gas law was a helpful condition in portraying the conduct of

Explain Essay Topics - Using Two Great Sources For a Topic

Explain Essay Topics - Using Two Great Sources For a TopicHave you ever seen your parents or a friend's parents struggling to find out what the best essay topic is for their child? Well, let me tell you what happens to me when I write essays. I either get stuck on a problem and start writing out all the problems, or I start getting essay topics that are over my head, and seem too hard to figure out. To solve this problem, I have tried to write a series of articles that explain essay topics in simple terms that a child can understand.'Explain essay topic' is my first article in this series. In this article, I explain essay topics and provide a formula for deciding if the essay topic is fit for the topic area.You see, when a person is trying to figure out how to use a subject matter area as an essay topic, they often need some direction. There is no better direction than the works of Sir Isaac Newton, or the work of Shakespeare. If you want to write essays, then you are going to have t o take some time and read these two great sources. The basis of an essay topic comes from these two sources. Each of these authors clearly defines their topic area, and their purpose for using it as a topic.You may be wondering why the two sources are so important. One reason is because people are trying to avoid the mistakes of Shakespeare and Newton. They want to make sure that their paper isn't full of mistakes. If they stick to the works of Sir Isaac Newton, they will avoid many of the common mistakes of Shakespeare and others.An essay topic that is appropriate for your subject area depends on what it is. This is why you need to read these works to gain insight. Because each work defines its topic area, each author understands exactly what the topic is about.Let's take the problem of a topic that someone wants to write about, and make it our topic. We all know that someone is going to ask, 'What is the best essay topic?' Now we are able to use the works of Newton and Shakespeare as our essay topic and be able to answer that question.Why do people look at these works? Simple, because the authors of the works describe their topic area in great detail. You can use this same information to help you find out what your topic is about.In conclusion, 'Explain essay topic' was a good beginning to getting a topic. The next part of this series will describe another formula for determining if the topic is appropriate for the audience and the assignment. You will also learn how to determine if your audience is qualified to understand your topic. Follow my articles in this series and you will be well on your way to writing the best essay possible.

Anxiety People And How They Feel About Their Panic Attack - 550 Words

Anxiety People And How They Feel About Their Panic Attack (Term Paper Sample) Content: PANIC ATTACKSName of StudentInstitution AffiliationsDate:Panic AttacksThe main causes of panic attacks are usually associated with anxiety. From ancient times their have been myths surrounding anxiety and the dangers that can lead to panic attacks. Anxiety can be defined as a state of apprehension or fear of some thing. Normally the fear of the unknown is what leads to panic attacks in most people. The mere imagination of threat or event can lead to personal emotions that can degenerate and lead to panic attack or panic mode. Some of the common symptoms of panic attacks is experiencing of extreme anxiety and failing to realize the immediate danger related to the attack, (Kessler et al, 2006)Anxiety people and how they feel about their panic attackMost people who have their first panic attack suffer in the hands of lack of knowledge. Most people feel as if they are having a heart attack. The feeling that is associated with the nerves and the stiffening of the joints ma kes most people who are experiencing their first panic attack to feel the need to immediately see a doctor. Some of the symptoms associated with panic attacks include but are not limited, lack of breathe, the lack of coordination between body parts. The need for people to know the difference between anxiety, panic attack and heart attack are so minimal that without prior experience most people might end up in hospitals hoping for the worst only to be told that they have a panic attack.Panic attacks can sound as a myth but they are real and majority of them are awful, emotional torture or physical torture. Most people who experience this attack tend to be emotional challenged as they might end up seeking medical advice thinking that they are medically unfit to do anything only to be diagnosed with panic attack. This effect can last as people with anxiety will tend to prove themselves right by seeking medical expertise from different practitioners who might want to justify their ego o r who might want to tell them that they might be suffering from something life threatening not just a panic attackPeople who suffer from panic attacks normally live in fear of when the attack will occur next. They might be uncomfortable to sit in public places in fear an attack that might occur to them which might lead people to start ridiculing them. Most of this fear of an imminent attack can lead to agoraphobia. People who live with agoraphobia create their safe homes where they can hide away from the public light and most of them end up leaving a miser...

Causes, Effects, Risks, and the Future of Global Warming

Scientists have determined that a number of human activities are contributing to global warming by adding excessive amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide accumulate in the atmosphere and trap heat that normally would exit into outer space. Greenhouse Gases and Global Climate Change While many greenhouse gases occur naturally and are needed to create the greenhouse effect that keeps the Earth warm enough to support life, human use of fossil fuels is the main source of excess greenhouse gases. By driving cars, using electricity from coal-fired power plants, or heating our homes with oil or natural gas, we release carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere. Deforestation is another significant source of greenhouse gases, as exposed soils release carbon dioxide, and fewer trees mean  less carbon dioxide conversion to oxygen. The production of cement involves a chemical reaction responsible for a surprisingly large amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere every year. During the 150 years of the industrial age, the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has increased by 31 percent. Over the same period, the level of atmospheric methane, another important greenhouse gas, has risen by 151 percent, mostly from agricultural activities such as raising cattle and growing rice. Methane leaks at natural gas wells are another major contributor to climate change. There are steps we can take to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in our life, encourage carbon emission reduction programs, methane emission reduction laws, and we can support global climate change mitigation projects. Can Natural Sun Cycles Explain Global Climate Change? In short, no. There are variations in the amount of energy we receive from the sun due to factors like orbital patterns and sunspots, but none which can explain the current warming, according to the IPCC. Direct Effects of Global Climate Change Many of the effects of climate change can be tied directly to some very important changes in our atmosphereBecause of important gas and heat transfers between the atmosphere and sea water, a suite of: changes in the oceans ave been observedThe frozen parts of the Earth are especially vulnerable to climate change. The latest IPCC report explained the impacts on the worlds polar ice caps, glaciers, and permafrost The Consequences of Global Warming The increase in trapped heat changes the climate and alters weather patterns, which may change the timing of seasonal natural events, and the  frequency of extreme weather events. Polar ice is vanishing, and  sea levels are rising, causing coastal flooding. Climate change leads to  food security, and even national security, concerns. Agricultural practices have been affected, including the production of maple syrup. There are also health consequences to climate change. Warmer winters allow for range expansions of white-tailed deer and deer ticks, increasing the incidence of Lyme disease. Edited by Frederic Beaudry

Alkali Metal Definition (Chemistry)

Alkali metals are any of the elements found in Group IA of the periodic table  (the first column). Alkali metals are very reactive chemical species that readily lose their one valence electron to form ionic compounds with nonmetals. All elements in the alkali metal group occur in nature. List of Alkali Metals The alkali metals are: Lithium  (Li)Sodium (Na)Potassium  (K)Rubidium (Rb)Cesium  (Cs)Francium (Fr) The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) excludes hydrogen (H) as an alkali metal because it occurs as a gas under ordinary temperatures and pressures. However, hydrogen displays many of the properties associated with elements in the group and does become an alkali metal under extremely high pressure. Alkali Metal Properties Alkali metals are all soft, shiny reactive metals. Although they are soft enough to cut with a knife, exposing a bright surface, the metals react with water and air and quickly tarnish, so the pure metals are stored in an inert atmosphere or under oil to prevent oxidation. All of the metals react vigorously with water, with the energy of the reaction increasing as you move down the periodic table. None of the alkali metals exists free in nature: They are found as salts, forming crystals with the body-centered cubic structure. Sources Greenwood, Norman, and Alan Earnshaw. Chemistry of the Elements. 2nd ed., Butterworth- Heinemann, 1997.Lide, D. R., editor. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 86th ed., CRC Press, 2005.

Acts Thematic Analysis Template - 3164 Words

Thematic Analysis Template |Copy and paste the down arrow ( ( ) into boxes to show that a unit of material is continuing. | |Copy and paste the left arrow ( ( ) into boxes to show where a unit of material ends. | |Paragraphs |Immediate Context |Major Points |Major Sections |Theme | |1:1–5 |1:1-5 |1:1-5 |1:1-2:13 |1:1–28:31 | |Introduction |Jesus prepares Disciples |The Promise of the Holy |Preparation for†¦show more content†¦-5:42 | | |The miracle of tongues |The final consummation on Earth|Peter preaches at Pentecost|The Witness in Jerusalem | | |2:22–28 |2:28 | ( |( | | |You crucified and Killed |By the hands of lawless men | | | | |2:29–36 |2:36 |( |( | | |David’s tomb |God made him both Lord and | | | | | |Christ, this Jesus whom you | | | | | |crucified | | | | |2:37–42 |2:38-39 |( |( | | |Brother’s What Shall We Do |Peter said onto them, â€Å"Repent | | | | | |and be baptized.†Show MoreRelatedAnalysis of Internal Audit Function in Poland Empirical Research Findings6214 Words   |  25 PagesB USINESS, MANAGEMENT AND EDUCATION ISSN 2029-7491 print / ISSN 2029-6169 online 2011, 9(2): 236–247 http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bme.2011.16 ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL AUDIT FUNCTIONING IN POLAND – EMPIRICAL RESEARCH FINDINGS Edita BieliÅ„ska-Dusza Department of Strategic Analysis, Cracow University of Economics, ul. Rakowicka 16, 31-510 Krakà ³w, Poland E-mail: edytadusza@gmail.com Received 18 November 2010; accepted 15 January 2011 Abstract. The purpose of the article was to present the researchRead MoreSocial Construction Of Gender And Free Flow Play9588 Words   |  39 Pagesthen compared and contrasted to identify any differences the types of play. Data was analysed through thematic analysis for both the group interview and the drawings. The results of the interviews identified 5 key themes: 1) girl-gendered type play 2) boy gendered-type play 3) perceptions on children’s chosen play 4) gender differences in play 5) toys at home. The results from the drawings analysis gave no further result. Gender differences were found during free-flow play. The social constructionRead MoreMba Solved Assignment Papers52670 Words   |  211 Pagesterm central tendency refers to the middle value or perhaps a typical value of the data, and is measured using the mean ,median ,or mode. Each of these measures is calculated differently, and the one that is best to use depends upon the situation. Analysis of data involves understanding of the characteristics of the data. The following are the important characteristics of a statistical data: Arithmatic mean:   The sum of all measurement divided by the number of object in data sent. In the mathematicalRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 PagesBUSINESS SCHOOL HARVARD SUCCESSFUL 65 APPLICATION SECOND EDITION E S S AY S APPLICATION BUSINESS SCHOOL HARVARD SUCCESSFUL 65 ECSNS A IYI O N S SE O D ED T With Analysis by the Staff of The Harbus, the Harvard Business School Newspaper ST. MARTIN’S GRIFFIN NEW YORK 65 SUCCESSFUL HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL APPLICATION ESSAYS, SECOND EDITION. Copyright  © 2009 byThe Harbus News Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of AmericaRead MoreDeveloping Effective Research Proposals49428 Words   |  198 Pages4.6 Review concepts and questions Notes 5 Methods 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Quantitative data, qualitative data, or both? 5.3 Design 5.3.1 Strategy 5.3.2 Framework 5.3.3 Sample 5.3.4 Data collection (instruments, procedures, ethical issues) 5.3.5 Data analysis 5.4 The question of methodological expertise 5.5 Review concepts and questions Notes 6 Writing the Proposal 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Proposal headings 6.3 Qualitative proposals Notes 7 Tactics 7.1 Introduction 7.2 General tactical issues 7.3 DepartmentalRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesThe LIS Education and Human Resource Utilization Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 The Organizational Framework for Staffing . . . . . . . . . 216 Job Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Job Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Job Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Recruitment and Hiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Filling Vacant PositionsRead MorePest Analysis of Cambodia22548 Words   |  91 Pagesuniversities in Southeast Asia†. The â€Å"scoping† nature of this study does not allow the collection of such comprehensive detailed baseline data (including on current development research); however, it could serve as a basis for developing a more rigorous â€Å"template† for capturing more aspects relating to research capacity across a wider range of universities. Box 1: Objectives of Scoping Study 1. Map current development research and research capacity in these universities. 2. Identify the main areas of opportunityRead MoreCrossing the Chasm76808 Words   |  308 Pagesopportunity to do that with future books, and I have enough respect for this one to try to stand off a bit. That being said, I did make a few significant exceptions. I eliminated the vii viii Preface to the Revised Edition section on using â€Å"thematic niches† as a legitimate tactic for crossing the chasm. It turns out instead they were a placeholder for the market tactics used during a merging hypergrowth market, a challenge covered in a subsequent book, Inside the Tornado. Also I have substitutedRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesLine 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics

Math Area Is an Integral Part of the Overall Montessori...

The Math area is an integral part of the overall Montessori curriculum. Math is all around us. Children are exposed to math in various ways since their birth. They begin to see numbers all around their environment. It is inherent for them to ask questions about time, money and questions about quantities. Math should be included in the Montessori curriculum because math materials are bright, colorful and aesthetically pleasing, math materials are clear and concrete that children are able to understand. For example, children relate numbers with real objects that eventually become abstract ideas, many of the math materials teach different skills at the same time and children are able to work independently and are able to be successful.†¦show more content†¦Some children learn visually, so math materials should be inviting and easy to manipulate. Visual learners also like to pay attention visual cues from the teacher. It is therefore important for teacher to seem enthusi astic and happy when giving presentations. Some children are auditory learners; they listen to the tone of voice, pitch and speed. Teachers have to use precise and purposeful language to adapt to auditory learners. Some other strategies for guiding children in the math area are to use precise language when giving presentations and use the three period lessons whenever possible. Also, follow the order to sequence of materials on the shelf. And, finally promote them to create extensions which lead children to many other places. A series of preparations are necessary to build up to the required skills and concepts used in the math area. Children are introduced indirectly to these various skills such as order, concentration, coordination and independence in many practical life and sensorial activities. In practical life, sorting and grasping activities prepare them for math activities. Many sequenced, procedural activities like cutting vegetables, table scrubbing and dish washing allow children to concentrate for a long period of time. This type of concentration is needed for many math activities that require the child to sit through a long math presentation or complete an activity like the decimal layout. ManyShow MoreRelatedMovement in the Montessori Classroom2719 Words   |  11 PagesMovement - the Child’s Muse Maria Montessori foresaw many developments in the study of movement and how it pertains to children and their education. It is necessary to consider how and why movement was such an integral part of her philosophy and how evidence from modern day research confirms the importance of movement in education. Both Montessori and educational specialists draw a link between movement and brain development (Hannaford 1995). This paper will examine how other educational theoriesRead MoreCritically Discuss the Role of the Core Curriculum Subjects in Developing Children‚Äà ´s Learning in Key Stage One. as Part of This Discussion Critically Consider the Relationship Between Learning Approaches Within the Core4036 Words   |  17 PagesModule Title: Core Curriculum Assignment One Critically discuss the role of the core curriculum subjects in developing children’s learning in Key Stage One. As part of this discussion critically consider the relationship between learning approaches within the core subjects and individual learning needs in these subjects for children. Elizabeth Mc Grath Contents Page Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Main Content †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ English †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreAssignment 1 – Understanding Development and Supporting Equality, Diversity and Inclusion9386 Words   |  38 Pageswith your completed assessments. Assignment 1 – Understanding development and supporting equality, diversity and inclusion. QUESTION 1 a. Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth – 19 years The main areas of development include: physical development, social and emotional development, intellectual development and language development. Through physical development, By age one young child is developing fallowing motoring skills. Child sitsRead MoreUAE Consumer Lifestyle Analysis42818 Words   |  172 Pages2005-2009 66 Table 82 Consumer Loans, Mortgages and Credit (Constant 2009 Value): 2005-2009 66 Table 83 Financial Cards in Circulation: 2005-2009 66 CONSUMER LIFESTYLES IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT This report forms part of the report series that complements the Euromonitor International Countries and Consumer Database. Each country profile is structured under the following primary headings: †¢ Consumer Trends †¢ Consumer Segmentation †¢ People †¢ House and Home †¢

Theory Of Recollection Essay Research Paper Plato free essay sample

Theory Of Recollection Essay, Research Paper Plato has had a Theory of Recollection to explicate our entree of cognition, that cognition is from within, and non obtained through experience. The Theory of Recollection refers to the thought that remembrance is like the psyche, where it is maintained and neer death, therefore it constitutes the religious facet of retrieving. All the cognition that one possesses is already within, one must excite themselves to convey this cognition about. Knowledge can non be gained from experience, it is inside of us, our psyches. Plato s theory of Recollection differs somewhat from the sacred Christian position of the Theory of remembrance. In many ways, Plato s ideas on Recollection are rather contradictory. In the MENO Plato demonstrates his Theory of Recollection between the chief characters Meno and Socrates. At first it is Socrates that references the thought of Recollection by replying meno that the psyche is immortal, and that before it entered it s eartly body the psyche understood all things. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory Of Recollection Essay Research Paper Plato or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Now the psyche has forgotten these things and must fight to retrieve them. In the MENO Socrates helps back up his thought, by acquiring any slave male child and inquiring him a simple geometry inquiry. The male child eventually answered the inquiry, but he had no old schooling, therefore the cognition was from Recollection, and non learned. What appears to be larning is really remembering something that they already know. Although the slave male child s initial reply was incorrect, Socrates claimed that he had taught nil to the slave male child, and that the lone ground why he got it right the 2nd clip was because he helped him remember the reply. Remembrance in Christianity strays somewhat from Plato s Theory of Recollection. In Christianity, Recollection means attending to the presence of God in the psyche. Remembrance in Christianity besides includes the backdown of the head from external and earthly personal businesss in order to go to to god and divine things. For all want to achieve Christian flawlessness one must remember their ascetical devotedness and pattern, without it it is hard to do advancement in virtuousness. Plato s theory of remembrance has many contradictions. There are a twosome of things that Recollection has implausible replies from. What s his name? How much money you have? How old are you? These are all inquiries that are non supported by the thought of Recollection. In these inquiries it is rather evident that one could obtain the replies to those inquiries, by cognizing something one did non antecedently know. Today s society does non believe in much of the Theory of Recollection. It would be difficult to seek and happen a individual that believes in the Theory of Recollection. To most people it would sound pathetic, but during the clip of MENO people really believed in remembrance, the chief difference being the clip epoch where doctrine ruled their twenty-four hours, and whereas scientific discipline regulations ours.

Opinions And Social Pressure Influences On Human Behaviour

Questions: Aim: To appreciate the impact of social influences on human behaviour Scenario: You are an occupational psychologist who has been asked to improve staff productivity and compliance to legislation in a hospital setting. At this hospital staff do not follow the official code of conduct. Six months ago a very high status manager was employed to fix the problem. The manager was concerned about the length of time, for instance, it was taking staff to see patients and mindful of the fact that should this pattern continue, the Care Quality Commission may impose special measures against the hospital. To address this immediate concern, the manager stated that staff should not wait for a doctor to sign paperwork before attending to patients. Since then new members of staff have been recruited to ease the workload on staff. The new members of staff are following the actions of previous staff members rather than the code of conduct. Task : (1) Using your knowledge of social influence, critically explain the behaviour of staff members working at the hospital, making reference to research throughout. (2) Critically suggest and reflect on guidance (recommendations) to the Hospital Board of Governors on how to improve the situation. Answers: The behavior of staff in relation to psychological research The aim of the essay is to appreciate the impact of the Social influences on the human behavior. As a psychologist, my first aim will be studying the behavior of staff. Once the evaluation is made, finding the solution will be easier. This is such a hospital where the staff members are disobedient. Unlike other hospitals, here the staffs are stubborn and do not follow the official code of conduct. But, let us take a look at what the staff members have to say. Even they have dissatisfaction regarding the hospital authority and the system is taking place within the hospital environment. (Bizfilings Team, 2012) After speaking to some of the staff members, I found out that, there is a big issue related to documentation within the hospital environment. Paper signing before meeting doctor is an issue. Thus, staffs are blamed and they cannot reach the patients to the doctor on priority. The hospital authority has recruited the new staff members so that the previous employees can get some ease. But, the problem still continues after their deployment. Even the new staff members have started following the footsteps of the old ones by disobeying the code of conduct. (Asch, 1955) Definitions of Key Psychological Concepts Psychology is a study of human mind along with its complexity and function. The behavior of a human can affect the environment where he is staying. This is the study of understanding the mental state of an individual or a group with general principles and research. Psychologists have the ability of understanding the mental function and social behavior of individuals. With regards to cognitive functions and behaviors, they pass effect on both psychological and biological processes. With the study of psychology, it is a need to explore the concept of brain function, emotion, perception, intelligence, cognition, personality etc. (Integrated ociopsychology Team, 2013) Studies- Popular social influence studies include Asch, Milgram, Crutchfield, Sherif, Hofling, Zimbardo Social influence study of Solomon E. Asch Social influence on an individual or a group can be found out through an experiment conducted by Asch. Here, you can assume yourself to be one of the candidates while running psychological experiments. You along with 7 more people are asked to sit in a small room for the experiment. This experiment will give the result of visual judgment of people. Here, two cards are placed in front of your eyes. The one at the left hand side has a single vertical line. The card placed at the right is having three lines with different length named as A, B and C. Now, all of you sitting in the room have to find out the line in right side card which has the same length with vertical line in the left hand side. Some individuals would choose one line, whereas others would give a different answer. As per your perception, one group or an individual is wrong. But, if your thought does not match with the majority, what will you do? Will you trust your judgment or will go with the majority? In many cases it has been found out that people go with the majority even if he/she is aware of right answers. According to the psychologists, Solomon Asch, this is the physiological pressure from people which affects the right perception. (Asch Stanley Milgram, 1958) Social influence study of Milgram In Milgrams social influence experiment 40 males were chosen. They were between 20-50 years of age. They were assigned jobs that range from unskilled till professional. The amount paid to them was $ 4.50 in the year 1963. Milgram also included a learner and a teacher in an experiment. Two rooms were used, one for learner and the other one for the teacher. The learner was provided with the electric chair and the teacher was given electric shock. After the shock, he was asked to recall his partner with four choices. With every electric shock, the learner gave wrong answer. But the teacher refused to take electric shock. But, 65% of the teacher continues with the highest level of 450 volts. (McLeod, 2007) Milgram concluded that lower level or lower level do follow the orders, even when they are in the extent of killing themselves. They are obedient. But the authority of higher level saves their skin. Social influence study of Zimbardo The popular economist conducted an experiment on prison. Here the subjects were asked to play roles of prisoners and guard. The guards so formed were given glasses and sticks. But the individuals playing the role of prisoners were arrested by the police department. They were forced to wear prisoners garment and chains. They were then transferred to the basement of the Standford psychology department that resembles jail. This gave rise to the progressiveness of the guard with sadistic nature. There were riots and many of the subjects were hurt. This experiment proved human response to captivity with social influence. Along with the captivity, the experiment also proved obedience and impressionability of people with the support of social institution and legitimate ideology. Critical discussion of the theory As it is defined above that there are three theories which are propounded for the solving the psychological aspects and the perspectives. All the three theories directly and indirectly support the fact that to manage the social aspects, it is essential to follow the rules related to the obedience. To follow the aspects related to the obedience, it is essential to follow the suitable rules and the policies. This is considered in the favor of the theory. But there are some negative aspects too which works against the theory. The theory of Zimbardo suggests that there are chances of the riots and conflicts are becoming very common. Whereas, in Milgram it is defined that though they follow the junior staff is following the rules, but the seniors are misusing the position they hold. This negative aspect also creates the negative influence on the processing of the process in the hospital. Recommendations Since the disobedient staff members in hospital are creating complexity in the environment, there must be someone or a group that handles staff problem and their well-being. The Human Resource department should be established by a qualified HR manager and specialists to handle the staff members one by one. If their wants are legitimate, hospital management must support them. But if staffs make trouble purposely, disciplinary action must be taken against them. The hospital authority must start with the termination of the old staff. After viewing this, the new staff members may change their attitude and cooperate with the administration. But, even if the other staffs behave in the similar way, its better to terminate entire bunch with the show cause and disciplinary norm. The new recruited staff bunch will be much more cooperative and will abide with the rules and regulation of the organization. After observing the complete scenario thoroughly it is also recommended that the appropriate paperwork is essential to carry. By this paperwork, the actual condition of the patients will be determined and no space for the arguments will be left. The use of the different types of the theories in the analysis also helps a lot in determining the aspect related to the scenario. It is also recommended that to identify the psychological and biological aspects, it is essential to treat the patients on the emotional level, so that it becomes easier to ident ify these issues and to console them may also become easy. Conclusion Succinct policy is always important to assist employers who deal with the insubordination issues. Insubordination is an issue faced in most of the organizations. Here, the employees purposely disobey with the legitimate directives of superiors. They have a mentality of developing right to fight. It has been found that, the staff members are not providing proper service to the patients. They are not only patients, but also customers of the hospital. They have critical health issues which need immediate care within the hospital environment. This is not a sign of humanity. Every staff working in a hospital should not think about monetary benefit. They are bound to help patients as this is a noble profession. But, the staffs are not at all abiding with this concept. Even the new staff members who are recruited have been violated by the old ones. But since there is a problem related to sign and documentation of papers, they must be provided with a personal document. This information will be a key to pass from the patient till it reaches the treatment procedure. This is the way the staff members will be saved from getting blamed about negligence to the patients. The lack of leadership and the weak managerial skills related to the managers are reducing the efficiency of the staff and the other people related to the noble cause. The business is mainly related to the hospital and the patients should be considered as more than the customers. But the internal conflicts and the inappropriate aspects related to the managers is impacting the well-defined image of the organization. To abolish this condition, the appropriate rules should be made. The Hospital management should not tolerate this attitude of the staff members. This creates a negative environment within the organization. Since it is a hospital, patients do not get proper treatment due to the conflict. The whole working process within the hospital gets disrupted. Issue an order of termination in writing is given to the employee by mentioning or specifying the reasons. Bibliography Asch, S. E., 1955. Opinions and Social Pressure, s.l.: W.H. Freeman and company. Asch, S. Stanley Milgram, 1958. Solomon Asch conformity experiments. [Online] Available at: https://www.age-of-the-sage.org/psychology/social/asch_conformity.html Bizfilings Team, 2012. Properly Handling Employee Insubordination Requires Having a Policy in place. Properly Handling Employee Insubordination , 24 May. Dewey, R., 2007. Sherif (1936): Group Norms and Conformity. Group Norms and Conformity. Integrated ociopsychology Team, 2013. Conformity - Majority Influence. Richard Crutchfield (1955): replace people with lights, 19 September. McLeod, S., 2007. The Milgram Experiment. The Milgram Experiment . McLeod, S., 2008. Hofling Hospital Experiment. Hofling Hospital Experiment.

The Child by Tiger Essay Example For Students

The Child by Tiger Essay The idea Miss Watson has of Huck Finn being a dirty, nasty, vulgar little boy who smokes, swears, and stays away from Sunday school is not a justifiable description of him. Hucks character goes much deeper. Huck is a literal-minded, imaginative, trustworthy boy who is greatly impacted by the inhuman ways of society. His society driven conscience is in constant conflict with his free, loyal heart. A mind of the greatest literalness is represented by Huck and what he calls his conscience. Hucks conscience is the belief in the inhuman rights of slave owners not to be deprived of their property. Hucks conscience is a portrayal of the moral values of society. The idea of slavery is drilled by society into every one of its members, including the otherwise free tramp like Huck- and the natural, human rights of Jim. Hucks heart follows the opposite views of his conscience. Huck has been listening to Jims excited talk about what he will do when he is free and it has disturbed what Huck calls his conscience. Conscience says to me, What had poor Miss Watson dont to you that you could see her nigger go off right under your eyes and never say one single word? What did that poor women do to you that you could treat her so mean? (92) Jim, as a man, has the right to be free. Huck does not realize this because of the views society has instilled in him. Jim has the right to love his wife and yearn for his children. Jim has the determination to work and save up his money and never spend a scent in order to buy his children out of slavery. The final plan he considers, getting an Ablitionist to go and steal (93) his children if their owner refuses to sell them. The consideration of this plan is a shock to Hucks conscience that awakens him to the wickedness of consorting with Jim and helping him run away from the society-conforming Miss Watson. Miss Watson holds Jim in chattel slavery and Huck in the more subtle slavery of civilized conduct. Hucks conscience is thus badly shaken by Jims wicked talk of stealing his children from an innocent owner. He decides that it is his moral duty to betray Jim. This decision is a great relief to him, and the minute they sight a town he sets off in the canoe to find somebody to capture Jim. Unluckily, as he is leaving Jim says to him, Ise a free man, en I couldnt ever been free ef it hadnt been for Huckyous de bes fren Jims ever had; en yous de only fren ole Jims got now (93). This innocent expression of human affection and gratitude is very ill-timed for Huck; as he says, I was paddling off, all in a sweat to tell on him; but when he says this it seemed to kind of take the tuck all out of me (93). As a result, when on some men in a canoe who are actually looking for runaway slaves Huck finds he is not man enough to betray Jim. This explains Hucks loyalty and dedication to keeping his promise to Jim- his promise not to turn Jim in for escaping slavery. Instead he finds himself inventing and performing with great skill a comp licated lie that persuades the men in the canoe not to go near the raft where Jim is hiding: he makes them believe- he never says so himself- that there are three people with small pox on the raft. Not only does this illustrate that Huck has a great level of imagination it shows the he has a profound knowledge of human nature. This knowledge allows him to create stories, which play upon the selfishness and pettiness of society. He is deeply discouraged to find himself acting this way, as if he hadnt the spunk of a rabbit (94). I knowed very well, he says, that I had done wrong, and I see it warnt no use for me to try to learn to do right; a body that dont get started right when hes little aint got no show- when the pinch comes there aint nothing to back him up and keep him to his work, and so he gets beatSo I reckoned I wouldnt bother no more about it, but after this always do whichever cam handiest at the time (95). Hucks heart conquers his moral views of society. .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526 , .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526 .postImageUrl , .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526 , .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526:hover , .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526:visited , .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526:active { border:0!important; } .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526:active , .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526 .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u78baf06bb564f1fe2abca33ee910c526:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Move to America Essay Paper We will write a custom essay on The Child by Tiger specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Hucks heart wins as he battles the moral conflict of society. He conquers this society with his realistic-mindedness, creativeness, and loyalty. His heart defies societys inhuman acts while his conscience pushes him towards the routine ways of society. The victory of Hucks heart is attributable to his character traits and ultimately makes him a good person. Bibliography:

Essay Examples on Racism

Essay Examples on RacismEssay samples on racism is usually about arguing and explaining and this can really be a long process. An essay sample on racism might also be a very short essay, in fact almost a single page, but as you may know, the length of the paper is important because students can feel bored with their essays.When writing an essay about racism, you need to talk about your own personal story or how you arrived at where you are in life. You should not make any generalizations, as this might lead to what a certain person in the world might find offensive. You need to draw conclusions based on the facts rather than the opinions.There are some sample essays on racism available that might help you in writing your own essay on racism. These are great essays, but do not try to reinvent the wheel. Learn from the best and when you have the information that you need in order to write your own essay, use the essay samples on racism to guide you.When looking at these sample essays o n racism, you will see that they might discuss a variety of things. The main theme is to say that prejudice exists and that it is not acceptable to let people be prejudiced about you. What about having a conversation about race and if someone does not like the way you talk about race, then do not let them get the wrong idea.Using the opinions of others as well as your own experiences to prove that certain stereotypes are wrong is not a good thing to do. When writing an essay on racism, it is best to remain on topic, but not take the opinion of others to be the truth. What matters most is that you prove to them that the stereotype about you is false and then you can be assured that they will start to respect you.It is always best to avoid repeating a stereotype because of all the negative publicity that goes along with those stereotypes. Some people think that you should use someone else's situation as a means of proving a point, which is completely opposite of what you should do. Al ways use your own experience as a means of proving something to them instead of something that they might be already convinced about.You will be able to tell them that there is no such thing as a stereotype and no one is born with a bias. You will be able to show them that they are only being biased about you, and that you can change their mind about you by using a different scenario. Use the essay samples on racism to prove the stereotypes wrong, because that is the way to change people's minds.Essay samples on racism are going to be the first step to change people's minds. You might find that you are very frustrated with the way that people treat you, and that is a good thing. By understanding the discrimination that minorities have had to go through, you will know how to prove the stereotypes wrong.

Complusion essays

Complusion essays In the movie Compulsion John Wilk was given a job that seemed practically impossible. He was to defend Judd and Artie the confessed murderer of the Kessler boy. Before he was given the job the boys had already confessed to the cold blooded murder. There was really no way that he could convince the judge that the boys werent sick and that they deserved to live in prison instead of being hanged. But he did succeed; he put together the perfect closing statement just as the boys thought that they had committed the perfect crime. Wilk argued that no matter if the boys were hung or not, the killing in the world wouldnt stop. Other sick boys would still kill and other people would still kill no matter if these cold blooded killers were dead or alive. He wasnt just pleading for the boys lives he was pleading for the future of the world. He was trying to say that just because these sick boys premeditated a serious crime doesnt mean that the court has the right to premeditate the boys being hung. Wilk was saying that the court had been planning ways to take the boys lives. He was trying to say that you cant kill hate and evil with cruelty you have to kill it with love and caring. He just didnt want the court to use the same cruelty to kill the sick boys that they used to kill Paulie Kessler. He very clearly described what it would be like if the boys were hung and made it sound just as inhumane as their terrible murder. I think that the way Jonathan Wilk argued for the boys lives was the most intelligent and well thought out plea that the judge had no other choice but to sentence the boys to life in prison. The argument was simply turned back onto the court he tried to make everyone realize that to take the boys lives isnt just as bad as murder it is worse. For a state to disregard the thought of evil to make them think they have achieved justice through taking the lives of...

Anorexia Nervos A Type Of Eating Disorder Essay example -- Obesity, Body

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a type of eating disorder characterized by intense fear of gaining weight (1). People with anorexia have a distorted body image, persistent preoccupation with thinness, excessive exercising, unwillingness to maintain minimal weight, and disturbed eating behaviours (1-2). The lifetime prevalence of AN is about 0.3 - 1.0% in women and 0.3% in men (3), with a peak age of onset at 13 to 18 years (4). The mortality rate of AN is reported to be higher than of any other psychiatric illness. Estimates show that around 10% of people with AN die within 10 years from the development of the condition (5). Two major subtypes of AN have been identified: eating/purging and restricting subtypes. Individuals with the eating/purging subtype maintain their low body weight by engaging in binge-eating and/or purging behaviours by misusing diuretics or laxatives, and induce vomiting. Those with the restricting subtype limit their food intake and exercise excessively (5). Anorexia affects both the body and the mind of the person. Although individuals lose a lot of weight, they still view themselves as fat, become preoccupied with food, and are socially withdrawn (5). Onset of AN starts as innocent dieting, but gradually gets out of control. Progressively, people become obsessively preoccupied with weight loss and limit the amount of food intake. Some individuals begin starving themselves and exercise excessively to become dangerously thin. Others lose weight by misusing laxatives, self-induced vomiting, diuretics or enemas. Severe cases on AN include suicide attempts and occur in about 20-30% of individuals (6). The suicide rates for women with AN is about 57 times higher than that for women of similar age in the gene... ... middle of paper ... ...alent and has serious psychological and medical consequences. These particular age groups are at a higher risk for developing AN, due to biological and sociocultural influences. In order to avoid long-term health problems, it is imperative that early signs associated with AN are recognised. Quick detection and vigorous treatment are needed to prevent medical complications and chronicity. Treatment interventions that focus on weight restoration, negative thought targeting, blame reduction, and actively integrate caregivers and families have emerged as particularly effective (25, 26). FBT and CBT are valuable parts of treatment, but no specific approach is superior to any other. While the evidence for treatment interventions continues to grow, families and physicians must work in collaboration to promote remission and to prevent relapses in patients diagnosed with AN.

International Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Strategy - Essay Example It is also in a way the need of the hour as domestic based companies can no longer shield themselves from the effects of multinational corporations. International diversification carries with it significant advantages. Taking into account the obvious advantages in terms of the increased market size and a higher return on investment, there are also other advantages that help the company take down its per unit costs and hence increase profit margins. These accrue from taking advantage of economies of scale to drop down fixed costs or per unit costs. This is further aided by the domestic incentives that the other countries may provide to aid their own economies which would give the expanding firm a comparative advantage. The development of international business level strategies however does depend on some factors. One of the chief is the amount of risk averseness of the management who may or may not be willing to take such a big step requiring possibly high capital expenditure. There is also the degree of environmental scanning performed by the firm and the degree of planning formality used to guide the planning process. Finally a crucial element in the decision to go international is the amount of munificence in the domestic industry environment. Entrance into the international markets can be made by exporting directly to the market, making use of possible domestic incentives. ... company wants to retain greater control, acquisition of a company or formation of a whole owned subsidiary may be the best option in terms of allowing greater autonomy in decision making. Amazon is a company that enjoyed considerable growth since its inception and enjoys an international market of customers through its online store. The company now decided to go global with Amazon's DRM-free MP3 digital music store. This is an important decision as it would expose the company to a whole new horizon of opportunities and risks ("Amazon to Begin International Rollout of Amazon MP3 in 2008."). The motive for this expansion seems to be the traditional need to expand beyond the domestic market and tap in that reserve of international customers. However more than that, this seems like an inevitable choice for Amazon given that competitor multinational firms such as Apple with its I-pod and I-tunes store already have an international base and may keep creeping on Amazon's customers. Apart from being the need of the hour, this expansion will allow the company to enjoy possibly higher return on investment given the rise in its customer base and increased sales could see quarterly profits rising steadily. The company may also be able to enjoy economies of scale in terms of learning as handling a diverse customer base will allow it to come into contact with and become adept at fulfilling unique customer requirements. This experience the company can use to bring innovation to its operations in the domestic market and other areas of the business, something other competitors in the domestic market may not be able to enjoy. Since the main focus of sales will be online, the company has the benefit of not having to make an alliance or acquisition of any companies as it is able to

Emotional, Behavioral, and Physical Disabilities Essay

Emotional, Behavioral, and Physical Disabilities - Essay Example The current research also looks at a point at which I visited, observed, and participated in an inclusion program serving special education students, and what I observed in terms of behavior modification. students, including students with emotional and behavioral disorders, physical disabilities, health impairments, and traumatic brain injury, are able to have an opportunity for growth and development is dependent on planning and personal execution. Many different people have different styles of planning and shaping the classroom environment, with different results. Overall, â€Å"Classroom environments that work require personal reflection about teachers’ roles, an understanding of what works in classroom organizations, a view of the relationship between management and instructional decisions, and the ability to use multiple methods† (Fine, 2002). At the same time, the teacher must realize that most students are spending most of their time outside of school, and only a fraction of their time in school or after school programs. Therefore it is important to realize the role that parenting, outside environment, and other factors like television and peer group association that also shape the process in the majority of the student’s time, especially when the student has special needs and is disabled. The current research example shows that inclusion programs can be very successful for students with various physical disabilities if teachers have a positive attitude and are willing to increase their levels of teamwork and communication. Teachers need to focus on stressing similarities to their peers and should help them accomplish what is sometimes a difficult social acclimation, as well as focusing on their academic needs. Disabilities are dealt with in the mainstreamed classroom and instructional strategies for helping children with disabilities achieve are tried out. When looking at the

Best Man Wedding Speech -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Best Man Wedding Speech Good evening Ladies and Gentlemen – I'd like to start by saying that what a genuine honor it is to be part of Rick's wedding. Rick certainly is handsome tonight, with his fine rented tux and shoes. On a gala evening such as this, you may find it hard to believe that Rick has not always been so handsome. The truth is, Rick was so ugly at birth, the doctor slapped his mother! The nurses were no more sympathetic, they diapered poor little Rick’s face. The fact is, his parents were so embarrassed of Rick that they borrowed another baby for the baptism ceremony. When little Rick went to school, the situation didn’t improve at all. Yes, it is true that Rick was the teacher’s pet – but that was just because the teacher couldn’t afford a dog! Rick's appearance b... Best Man Wedding Speech -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches Best Man Wedding Speech Good evening Ladies and Gentlemen – I'd like to start by saying that what a genuine honor it is to be part of Rick's wedding. Rick certainly is handsome tonight, with his fine rented tux and shoes. On a gala evening such as this, you may find it hard to believe that Rick has not always been so handsome. The truth is, Rick was so ugly at birth, the doctor slapped his mother! The nurses were no more sympathetic, they diapered poor little Rick’s face. The fact is, his parents were so embarrassed of Rick that they borrowed another baby for the baptism ceremony. When little Rick went to school, the situation didn’t improve at all. Yes, it is true that Rick was the teacher’s pet – but that was just because the teacher couldn’t afford a dog! Rick's appearance b... Best Man Wedding Speech -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches Best Man Wedding Speech Good evening Ladies and Gentlemen – I'd like to start by saying that what a genuine honor it is to be part of Rick's wedding. Rick certainly is handsome tonight, with his fine rented tux and shoes. On a gala evening such as this, you may find it hard to believe that Rick has not always been so handsome. The truth is, Rick was so ugly at birth, the doctor slapped his mother! The nurses were no more sympathetic, they diapered poor little Rick’s face. The fact is, his parents were so embarrassed of Rick that they borrowed another baby for the baptism ceremony. When little Rick went to school, the situation didn’t improve at all. Yes, it is true that Rick was the teacher’s pet – but that was just because the teacher couldn’t afford a dog! Rick's appearance b...

The Role of Youth in Indian Politics Essay

On the roads of Indian democracy, we have travelled for about 63 years now and shall continue the journey for years to come in the same rickety ancient grubby vehicle of ours that has driven us for so long. The list of travellers is an assemblage of young dazzling men and women. The blatant contrast between them arouses debates. It makes us ponder over the role of youth in Indian politics. There have been certain qualities constantly attributed to youth such as passion, aggression, and impetuousness, which have been viewed in both negative and positive lights.. Many argue that â€Å"youth† is an inexperienced and immature stage of life and are in disagreement as to whether the qualities of youth can be beneficial for politics, or detrimental. Speculation has also led to debates about whether young adult brains are biologically ready to make tough decisions. At the same time, for the establishment of â€Å"Rule by the People† in the world’s largest democracy as we proudly declare ourselves to be, it is important to understand who these â€Å"people† really are. According to ‘Indian Youth Portal’ 41.05% of the total population of the nation comes under the category of youth. Hence, it is obvious that participation of youth in the functioning of our country’s political practices is integral. The methods of working need to be revolutionised at a grass root level which can be attained by giving them the power to create a world in which they wish to live. Their innovative way of assessment and unacceptability towards injustice and unfair practices, makes them the ideal class of people to work for the people and strengthen their representation. After having addressed the question of the importance of youth contribution, we need to shift our focus on the practicality of this idea. A simple survey* reveals an interesting result. 87% of the university students surveyed for the same, believe that the†¦ Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States of America, aptly defined democracy as a government of the people, by the people and for the people. Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States of America, aptly defined democracy as a government of the people, by the people and for the people. This definition clearly underlines the basic tenet that, in this- form of government, people are supreme. The ultimate power is in their hands and they exercise it in the form of electing their representatives at the time of elections. In modern times this type of democracy, which is representative in nature, is most suitable. The other type, the direct democracy in which the people themselves enact and implement laws and run the administration, is now not feasible as countries are large and their populations huge. In a country like Switzerland, which has comparatively small population, direct democracy can still be found. India is the biggest democracy in the world, with a population of over one billion. India, a union of states, is a sovereign socialist, secular, democratic, republic, with a parliamentary system of government. The republic is governed in terms of the Constitution, which was adopted on 26 November, 1949 and came into force on 26 January, 1950. During the past fifty-three years there have been regular elections to the Parliament and state legislatures. This reflects the maturity and wisdom of the Indian electorate, in whom the ultimate power and sovereignty rests. With the passage of time, Indian voters have become more assertive and active as regards their participation in the process of democracy. The turnout of Indian voters has significantly increased during the past elections. It was about 52% only during the Lok Sabha elections of 1952 which increased to 64% during the ninth Lok Sabha elections held in 1989. Similarly during the last elections for Parliament, the voter’s t urnout has been quite encouraging. This phenomenon†¦ No institution including the Election Commission of India (ECI) and no personality or office in a democracy can be beyond public criticism and  debate. There have been occasions in the past when political parties have vehemently disagreed with the ECI’s decisions and found fault with its directives. Some of them have merely voiced their dismay, while others have accused the poll panel of lacking in neutrality and being influenced by the ruling party of the day. However, it is not often that a major political party holds a protest against the ECI and openly accuses the Chief Election Commissioner of timidity. By organising such protests, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has set a precedent of sorts. The party’s grievance is that the Returning Officer for the Varanasi constituency, where its prime ministerial aspirant Narendra Modi is a candidate, denied him permission to hold a rally in Varanasi city, citing security reasons. There may be some substance in its grievance as other leaders seem to have had no problem in addressing rallies at the same venue. However, it seems the party is protesting too much, as this one instance is not enough to conclude that the entire machinery of the Election Commission is acting with bias against the BJP and Mr. Modi. With just one round of polling left in the multi-phase exercise, Mr. Modi has criss-crossed the length and breadth of the country including Uttar Pradesh and addressed rallies without any such problem. The words of its senior leader Arun Jaitley, that â€Å"timid men can dwarf high office† and â€Å"if you can’t provide security, don’t hold polls in the country†, may not be quite fair, considering the impressive way in which the Commission has held the mammoth democratic exercise over the last two decades without many complaints of rigging. Voter turnout has improved considerably over the years; people living in remote areas and from communities prevented in the past from voting by feudal overlords are exercising their franchise without fear. Carping at the referee for one unpalatable decision, even if it involves the party’s iconic contestant, may not be justified. One of the principal complaints of the BJP against the United Progressive Alliance regime was that it undermined institutions such as the CAG by its continuous attacks. The BJP’s outburst against the ECI would seem no different in its tenor. Parties should desist from unfair attacks that might put undue pressure on election officials. It is equally plausible that the BJP was merely being opportunistic and seeking last-minute electoral gains by playing the victim. For its part, the Election Commission should be more alert, closely monitor field-level decisions and deal with complaints  against its officials with a greater sense of urgency. One of the most encouraging aspects of the 2014 Lok Sabha elections has been the significantly high voter turnout in areas affected by Left-wing extremism. Bastar in Chhattisgarh, that remains severely affected by Maoist insurgency, saw a voter turnout of almost 60 per cent as opposed to 47.33 per cent in 2009. Here, as well as in other areas, the Maoists had called for a total boycott of elections. But in most areas, in spite of the violence perpetrated by the Maoist rebels, people have come out in large numbers to cast their vote. In Gadchiroli constituency in Maharashtra, that is a part of the Maoists’ foremost guerrilla zone, the Dandakaranya Special Zone Committee, over 68 per cent votes were cast as opposed to 65.21 per cent in the 2009 elections. Munger and Jamui in Bihar also saw a 10 per cent increase in voter turnout. The only affected area where the turnout was low is Orissa’s Malkangiri that recorded a voting percentage of 48 per cent. One reason attributed to the higher turnout is the enthusiasm of first-time voters who came out in large numbers. Also, in many Maoist-affected areas, people are tired of the long cycle of violence, and want things to change. The voter turnout in Bastar has left the Maoists worried. After the elections in Bastar on April 10, they have held meetings at several places with Adivasis to understand what prompted this high turnout. Even in the formerly Maoist-hit areas in West Bengal, that went to the polls on May 7, the turnout has been exceptional. West Medinipur, Purulia and Bankura registered a turnout of 81.41, 78.75, 80.55 per cent respectively till 5 p.m. In Jhargram, it was almost 88 per cent. The challenge for the new government would be to focus on the development of the red corridor, especially when people there have expressed their faith in democracy. One major reason why the Maoists were able to entrench themselves in these regions was that the Indian state had completely forsaken its people. The void left by the state was just filled by Maoists. The onus is on whosoever forms the next government in New Delhi to change the equation. In many areas, there is sympathy among the Adivasis for Maoists. Security operations in these areas may have put Maoists on the back foot, but this can only be a temporary trend. In the absence of a real developmental intervention by the new government, there will be no ebb in violence in Bastar and other  Maoist-affected areas. One of the biggest challenges before the new government will be to instil a sense of security among the people. That will only happen if the people have confidence in the government — after which they will reject Maoism. When a law replacing an invalid executive order retains the same classification that was held to violate the constitutional norm of equality, it has to be struck down. It was only natural that the Supreme Court should declare unconstitutional Section 6-A of the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act that requires prior approval of the Centre before the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) can begin an inquiry or investigation against officers of the Union Government in the rank of Joint Secretary and above for the same reason that it invalidated the government’s ‘Single Directive’ in Vineet Narain (1997). The section was introduced by Parliament in 2003 to restore the ‘Single Directive’, a set of instructions to the CBI on the modalities of holding an enquiry. In yet another verdict that insulates the investigating agency from dependence on government approval at every stage, the Court has seen through the distinction made between officers based on t heir rank alone. Apart from there being no reasonable basis to treat corrupt public servants of a certain rank differently from those below them, the Court has given cogent and practical reasons too: that Section 6-A is destructive of the objective of the Prevention of Corruption Act as it blocks the truth from surfacing, protects those who commit crimes thwarts independent investigation and provides a forewarning to corrupt officers as soon as allegations are made against them. The government argued in vain, as it did in defence of the Single Directive earlier, that officers of the rank of Joint Secretary and above are â€Å"decision-making† officials who required protection against malicious or vexatious allegations. In the absence of such protection, it was contended, officials may tend to make no decisions, or limit themselves to ‘safe decisions’. However, as the amicus curiaepointed out to the Court, there was no known instance of harassment of officials between 1997 and 2003, the period in which no such prior approval was required. Further, other provisions requiring sanction from the competent authority before commencing prosecution remain intact. The real mischief in the provision, the Court has noted, is that the very group of  officers who may be the target of the inquiry get to decide whether the probe should be allowed or not. It has ruled that where it could be inferred that a corrupt act had taken place, but there is no direct evidence, the ‘expertise’ to decide whether to begin a probe should remain with the CBI, and not with the government. The verdict thus strengthens the agency in a way the legislature has failed to do over the years. It has restored what it calls the ‘signature tune’ of Vineet Narain: â€Å"however high you may be, the law is above you.† Essays on the organization, functions and Role of the Election commission in India A good electoral system is, therefore, the bed rock of genuine representative government. The architects of the Indian constitution attached the highest significance to arzon-dependent electoral machinery for the conduct of elections. For this it was necessary that an independent election commission with its vast paraphernalia should be set-up in country such a commission could ensure fair and free elections of the representatives of the pie at all levels. Articles 324, Dr. Ambedkar contended, â€Å"proposed centralise the election machinery in hands of a single commission, be assisted by regional commissioners working under the supervision direction control of the election commission and not and under e control of the state government as envisaged earlier.† Composition of the Election Commission: Of the four pillars of the Indian constitution, the Election commission is one, the other three being the Supreme Court, the public service commission and the comptroller and Auditor General of India. On the Election commission depends the integrity of election, which truly is the oxygen of democracy. Thus viewed, its independence d impartiality assume critical importance to the country’s entire political system. To ensure free and fair and impartial elections, the constitution establishes the Election Commission, a body autonomous in character and free from political orenecutive influence. The commission is an All India body having jurisdiction over, elections to parliament, fate Legislatures, offices of the president and vice-president. The Election Commission consists of the Chief Election Commissioner, and  such number of Election Commissioners if any as the president may fix from time to time. The Chief Election Commissioner stands at the apex of the hierarchy of the El ection Commission of India. All these commissioners are appointed by the president subject to the provisions of any law enacted by parliament for the purpose. The Chief Election Commissioner acts as the chairman of the Election Commission .in case any other Election Commissioner besides him is appointed. The tenure of the Chief Election Commissioner is independent of the executive discretion, for he cannot be removed from his of face except in the like manner and on the like grounds as a judge of the Supreme Court. The conditions of service of the Chief Election Commissioner cannot be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. The president also promulgated an ordinance amending the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioner Act providing for unanimous transaction of business and decisions but in case of differences of opinion among the three members the matter shall be decided â€Å"according to the opinion of the majority.† The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioner Act, 1991 as existed before the issue of ordinance was weighed in favour of the chief election commissioner on decision ma king in case of differences among the members of the commission. The constitution provides for a single member or multi ­member Election Commission. Where there is more than one I members the CEC acts as its chairman. The committee on Electoral Reforms has made certain recommendations with regard to the items and conditions of service Of the Chief Election Commissioner and the other Election Commissioners. After having studied those recommendations the chief Election Commissioners of India conditions of service rules 1972 were amended with introspective, effect from 1st January 1986. The Chief Election Commissioner of India will not be entitled to the salary and other facilities, like rent free accommodation, equivalery to that of a judge of Supreme Court. The term of his office has also been extended upto 6 years, from the date he assumes office or till the day he at his the age of 65 years. To assist the Chief Election Commissioner in the performance of his onerous duties there exists a large paraphernalia of the officers and the staff subordinate to him. Among them is the regional commissioner. Deputy Election Commissioner, se cretary, Under secretary, Research officers etc. In the place of the regional commissioners a new post of Deputy Election Commissioner was  created in the Election Commission for the first time in 1956. Since he Deputy Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the president and is usually sent on deputation, he can be recalled by the central govt, at the request of the chief Election Commissioner at any time. At the state or the union territory level there is the Chief Election officer as the kingpin in the Electoral machinery. He is nominated by the Election Commission in consultation with the state Govt. He is usually a senior executive or judicial officer of the state Government. He is assisted by the joint deputy or assistant Chief Election officers as well as the rest of the staff appointed by him in consultation with the state government. He may be a whole time or part time officer. At the district level the electoral duties are discharged by the District officer or the Executive Officer in addition to his normal administ rative routine. The responsibility for the preparation and revision of electoral rolls is rested in an officer called the Electoral Registration officer. He may have under him Assistant Electoral Registration officers. The election in every constituency is supervised by an officer known as the returning officer nominated by the Election commission in consultation with the govt, of the state. The same officer can be nominated as returning officer r more than one constituencies. He is assisted by one or more assistant Returning Officers so designated by the Election Commission. The staff consisting of presiding and polling officers, for the actual conduct of the poll is appointed by the District Election officer. The District Election Officer may appoint a presiding officer for each polling station and such polling officers are necessary. The presiding officer keeps order of the pooling station and ensures the fair conduct of the poll. Functions and powers of the Election Commission: The Election Commission of India has to perform multifarious duties assigned to it under the constitution. Some of the principal functions of the commission are: (1) Demarcation of constituencies: To facilitate the process of elections a country has to be divided into several constituencies. The task of delimiting constituencies is generally performed by a delimitation commission. But the power to delimit parliamentary and assembly constituencies for the first general elections in  1951 was conferred on the president. The Election Commission distributed the seats district wise in each one of the states and directed the Chief Electoral Officers to prepare proposals for the physical demarcation of constituencies according to the prescribed criteria. The procedure adopted in the delimitation of constituencies in 1951 led to a virtual power in the hands of the ruling party to decide the contours of the constituencies as it suited its designs. The association of parliamentary Advisory committees with the delimitation commission gave top priority to political consideration. The Election Commission strongly pleaded for taking away this power from the parliament. The Delimitation co mmission was to consist of three members, two of whom were to be nominated by the president from serving or retired judges of the Supreme Court or High Courts while the Chief Election Commissioner was to be an ex-officio member. (2) Electoral Rolls: The second important but tedious function of the Election Commission is to prepare for identification the upto date list of all the persons who are entitled for voting at the poll. (3) Recognition of political parties and Allotment of Symbols: A new part IV A has been added to the representation of the people Amendment Act, 1951 on registration of political parties. Section 29 A now inserted provides for registration with the commission, of associations and bodies of individual citizens of India as political parties for purpose of this Act. This provision came into force from June 15, 1989. A recognised political party has been classified either as a National Party or a state party under paragraph 7 of the Elections symbol order 1968. Another important function of the Election Commissioner is to allot symbols to the political parties and the candidates, and also to accord recognition to the political parties. The commission has specified certain symbols as reserved and others as free. The reserved symbols are only available for candidates sponsored by the political parties and the free symbols are equally available to other candidates. The Election Commission has power to adjudicate upon disputes with regard to recognition of political parties and rival claims to a particular symbol for the purposes of elections. (4) Scrutiny of the Nomination Papers: Another function of the Election Commission is to examine the nomination papers of the candidates. These papers are accepted if found in order, but rejected otherwise. This duty is performed by the returning officer who notifies to all the contesting candidates the date, time and place for the formal scrutiny of nomination papers. The Returning officer summarily but judicially examines all the nomination papers and decides the objection raised. He is also to see whether the requisite requirements of security deposit, election symbol, election agent etc. have also been fulfilled. He is empowered to reject the nomination papers either by upholding the objection raised by a rival candidate or on his own motion or any of the following (a) that the candidate either is not qualified or is disqualified to fill the seat under any of the relevant constitutional provisions viz. Articles 84. 102, 173 and 191 (b) that the provision of sections 33 and 34 of the representation of the peopleâ€℠¢s Act 1951 have not been complied with and (c) that the signature of the candidate or the proposer on the nomination or papers is not genuine. (5) The conduct of the poll: Another stupendous task that the Election Commission has to undertake is the conduct of the poll throughout the whole of India. In a parliamentary constituency, the returning officer is to make suitable arrangements for conducting the poll with the prior approval of the Election Commission. The commission can order a Ripoll for the whole constituency under compulsion of circumstances. Articles 324 confers on the Election Commission necessary powers to conduct the elections including the power to countermand the poll in a constituency and ordering a fresh poll there in because of hooliganism and break down of law and order at the line of polling or counting of votes. (6) Election Expenses: Another most controversial function that the election commission has perform is no scrutinize the accounts of election expenses submitted by contestants in elections. In India every contesting candidate is required to maintain and file the accounts of his election expenses. Within a prescribed period after publication of the result of his election within 10 days from the last date of filing the returns the Returning Officer submits to the Election Commission a list of all the candidates and their agents together with their  returns as also his observation in respect of candidates who have failed to lodge returns in the specified time and a accordance with the procedure prescribed by law. The commission scrutinizes the accounts and dudes whether the returns are in proper form and whether they have been lodged in time. In case of default it notifies the candidates or their agents of there disqualification by publishing these in the official Gazette. Role of the Election Commission: Election is the contrivance through which a modern state creates amongst its citizens a sense of involvement and participation in public affairs. It is through popular elections that the authority of a govt, is clouted with legitimacy and peaceful and orderly transfer of authority to new leaders is ensured. For this it was necessary than an independent Election Commission with its vast paraphernalia should be set up in the country. Such a commission would ensure fair and free election of the representatives of the people at all levels. According to L.K. Advani, â€Å"The Election Commission occupies a pivotal place in the scheme of the Indian constitution. During recent years it has willingly or unwillingly abdicated its independent Supra governmental authority and accepted for itself the role of a mere official department charged with the conduct of elections.† The relations between CES and the central and state Governments are not cordial. The confrontation and the ensuing e mbarrassment for the Governments as a result of the ruling given by Chief Election Commissioner J.N. Seshan have only been increasing. With a critical evaluation of the working of the Election Commission of India so far as we can now infer that: Firstly, the working of the Elections Commission of India during the last four decades has shown that the Election Commission worked independently and impartially, as well as efficiently. Secondly, the Election Commission has fulfilled all the constitutional obligations, and has never tried to go beyond or over step the limits of the constitution. It always worked within the frame work of the constitution. Thirdly, when the Election Commission conducted the first General Election in 1951-52 the electorate were just 17 million but the present strength of the electorate is about 50 crores. The commission, has however been able to cope with its ever mounting responsibilities. It has the capacity to meet new challenges and faced the situation boldly. Fourthly, although the faith  of the people in democracy, its institutions and political parties has eroded but their faith in the Election Commission has all the more strengthened or fortified. According to the Election Commission, the very fact that in almost all states the ruling parties have suffer setbacks shows that the elections have been free and fair. It has given the lie to the wide spread belief that the party in power will use official machinery and influence the voters in its favour. Essays on the doctrine of â€Å"Judicial Review† under the Indian constitution The power of Judiciary to review and determine validity of a law or an order may be described as the power of â€Å"Judicial Review.† It means that the constitution is the Supreme law of the land and any law in consistent there with is void. The term refers to â€Å"the power of a court to inquire whether a law executive order or other official action conflicts with the written constitution and if the court concludes that it does, to declare it unconstitutional and void.† Judicial Review has two prime functions: (1) Legitimizing government action; and (2) to protect the constitution against any undue encroachment by the government. The most distinctive feature of the work of United States Supreme Court is its power of judicial review. As guardian of the constitution, the Supreme Court has to review the laws and executive orders to ensure that they do not violate the constitution of the country and the valid laws passed by the congress. The power of judicial review was first acquired by the Supreme Court in Marbury vs. Madison case. 1803. The constitution of India, in this respect, is more a kin to the U.S. Constitution than the British. In Britain, the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy still holds goods. No court of law there can declare a parliamentary enactment invalid. On the contrary every court is constrained to enforce every provision† of the law of parliament. Under the constitution of India parliament is not Supreme. Its powers are limited in the two ways. First, there is the division of powers between the union and the states. Parliament is competent to pass laws only with respect to those subjects which are guaranteed to the citizens against every form of legislative encroachment. Being the guardian Fundamental Rights and the  arbiter of-constitutional conflicts between the union and the states with respect to the division of powers between them, the Supreme Court stands in a unique position where from it is competent to exercise the power of reviewing legislative enactments both of parliament and the state legislatures. This is what makes the court a powerful instrument of judicial review under the constitution. As Dr. M.P. Jain has rightly observed: â€Å"The doctrine of judicial review is thus firmly rooted in India, and has the explicit sanction of the constitution.† In the framework of a constitution which guarantees individual Fundamental Rights, divides power between the union and the states and clearly defines and delimits the powers and functions of every organ of the stat^ including the parliament, judiciary plays a very important role under their powers of judicial review. The power of judicial review of legislation is given to the judiciary both by the political theory and text of the constitution. There are several specific provisions in the Indian constitution, judicial review of legislation such as Act 13, 32, 131-136, 143, 226, 145, 246, 251, 254 and 372. Article 372 (1) establishes the judicial review of the pre-constitutional legislation similarly. Article 13 specifically declares that any law which contravenes any of the provision of the part of Fundamental Rights shall be void. Even our Supreme Court has observed, even without the specific provisions in Article 13. The court would have the power to declare any enactment which transgresses a Fundamental Right as invalid. The Supreme and high courts are constituted the protector and guarantor of Fundamental Rights under Articles 32 and 226. Articles 251 and 254 say that in case of in consistent if between union and state laws, the state law shall be void. The basic function of the courts is to adjudicate disputed between individuals and the state, between the states and the union and while so adjudicating, the courts may be required to interpret the provisions of the constitution and the laws, and the interpretation given by the Supreme Court becomes the law honoured by all courts of the land. There is no appeal against the judgement of the Supreme Court. In Shankari Prasad vs. Union of India (1951) the first Amendment Act of 1951 was challenged before the Supreme Court on the ground that the said Act abridged the right to property and that it could not be done as there was a restriction on the amendment of Fundamental Rights under Article 13 (2). The Supreme Court rejected the contention and unanimously  held. â€Å"The terms of Article 368 are perfectly general and empower parliament to amend the constitution without any exception whatever. In the context of Article 13 law must be taken to mean rules or regulations made in exercise of ordinary legislative power and amendments to the constitution made in exercise of constituent power, with the result that Article 13 (2) does not affect amendments made under Article 368.† In Sajan Singh’s case (1964), the corupetence of parliament to enact 17th amendment was challenged before the constitution. Bench compris ing of five judges on the ground that it violated the Fundamental Rights under Article 31 (A). Supreme court reiterated its earlier stand taken in Shankari sad’s case and held, â€Å"when article 368 confers on parliament the right to amend the constitution the power in question can be exercised over all the provisions of the constitution, it would be unreason about to hold that the word law’ in article 13 (2) takes in amendment Acts passed under article 368. Thus, until 1967 the Supreme Court held that the Amendment Acts were not ordinary laws, and could not be struck down by the application of article 13 (2). The historic case of Golak Nath vs. The state of Punjab (1967) was heard by a special bench of 11 judges as the validity of three constitutional amendments (1st, 4th and 17th) was challenged. The Supreme Court by a majority of 6 to 5 reversed its earlier decision and declared that parliament under article 368 has no power to take away or abridge the Fundamental Rights contained in chapter II of the constitution the court observed. (1) Article 368 only provides a procedure to be followed regarding amendment of the constitution. (2) Article 368 does not contain the actual power to amend the constitution. (3) The power to amend the constitution is derived from Article 245, 246 and 248 and entry 97 of the union list. (4) The expression ‘law’ as defined in Article 13 (3) includes not only the law made by the parliament in exercise of its ordinary legislative power but also an amendment of the constitution made in exercise of its constitution power. (5) The amendment of the constitution being a law within the meaning of Article 13 (3) would be void under Article 13 (2) of it takes away or abridges the rights conferred by part III of the constitution. (6) The First Amendment Act 1951, the fourth Amendment Act 1955 and the seventeenth Amendment Act. 1964 abridge the scope of Fundamental Rights and, therefore, void under Article 13 (2) of the constitution. (7) Parliament will have no power from the days of the  decision to amend any of the provisions of part III of the constitution so as to take away or abridge the Fundamental Rights enshrined there in. The constitutional validity of the 14th, 25th, and 29th Amendments was challenged in the Fundamental Rights case. The Govt. of India claimed that it had the right as a matter of law to change or destroy the entire fabric of the constitution through the instrumentality of parliament’s amending power. In Minerva Mills case (1980) the Supreme Court by A majority decision has trunk down section 4 of the 42nd Amendment Act which gave preponderance to the Directive Principles over Articles 24, 19 and 31 of part III of the constitution, on the ground that part III and part IV of the constitution are equally important and absolute primacy of one over the other is not permissible as that would disturb the harmony of the constitution. The Supreme Court was convinced that anything that destroys the balance between the two part will ipsoTacto destroy an essential element of the basic structure of our constitution. Judicial Review of Legislative Enactment and ordinances: One of the first major case A.K. Gopalan Vs. State of Madras. 1951 that came up before the Supreme Court in which the preventive Intention Act, 1950 was challenged as invalid. The court by a unanimous decision declared section 14 of the Act invalid and thus manifested its competence to declare void any parliamentary enactment repugnant to the provisions of the constitution. In Champakan Dorairajan’s case, the Supreme Court held that the order of the state government fixing proportionate scales, for different communities for admission to medical colleges was unconstitutional. The presidential order de-recognising privy purses was also challenged in the Supreme Court which declared the order as unconstitutional and void. Between 1950-1980 parliament passed as many as 1977 Acts and out of them, the Supreme Court invalidate laws passed on 22 occasions. Principles of Judicial Review: Justice VS Deshpande in his book propounded a thesis that Judicial Review of legislation in India should rest merely on Article 245 (1) and not on Article 13. According to him, Article 245 (1) interpreted broadly would ensure the supremacy of the constitution over all kinds of laws. Thus, a law to be valid must conform with the constitutional forms. The grave  responsibility of deciding upon the validity of laws, is laid up on the judges of the Supreme Court. If a statue isn’t within the scope of legislative authority or it offends some constitutional restriction or prohibition, that statue is unconstitutional and hence invalid. The Statue is not held unconstitutional by the court in a light vein. Both the ‘felt necessities of the time’ and ‘constitutional fundamentals’ are balanced by the court. Accordingly, the Supreme Court has evolved certain canons, making and norms. H.M. Leervai has enumerated following rules in this regard. (1) There is a presumption in favour of constitutionality, and a law will not be declared unconstitutional unless the case is so clear as to be free from doubt; and the on us to prove that it is unconstitutional lies upon the person who challenges it. (2) Where the validity of a statue is questioned and there are two interpretations, one of which would make the law valid, and the other void, the former must be preferred and the validity of the law upheld. (3) The court will not decide constitutional questions of a case is capable of being decided on other grounds. (4) The court will not decide a larger constitutional question than is required by the case before it. (5) The court will not hear an objection as to the constitutionality of a law by a person whose rights are not affected by it. (6) Ordinarily, courts should not pronounce on the validity of an Act or part of an Act, which has not been brought into force, because till then the question of validity would be merely academic. Indian judiciary has been able to overcome the restrictions that were put on it by the 42nd amendment, with the help of the 43rd and 44th amendments. Now the redeeming quality of Indian judiciary is that no future governments could did its wings or dilute its right of Judicial Review. In fact, now the ‘Judicial Review’ is considered to be the basic feature of out constitution.